PERFORMANCE-ORIENTED DESIGN OF A DUAL-ROTOR AXIAL-FLUX FLUX-REVERSAL MACHINE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59277/RRST-EE.2026.3.4Keywords:
Dual-rotor machine, Axial-flux machine, Torque ripple, Optimization, Finite element analysis (FEA)Abstract
This study presents a dual-rotor axial-flux flux-reversal permanent magnet machine (DR-AFFRM) topology, combining a dual-rotor and axial-flux configuration that is not widely documented in the literature. The proposed design innovatively combines an axial-flux configuration with a dual-rotor architecture to enhance torque density while mitigating torque ripple. A finite element model integrated with a genetic algorithm-based optimization framework is employed to optimize critical geometric and magnetic parameters. The optimized design reduces permanent magnet volume by 53.48%, improves efficiency from 81.62% to 84.11%, and delivers an average torque of 106.44 Nm at 1500 rpm. The linear torque–current characteristic confirms effective magnetic utilization without saturation. The results demonstrate that the proposed topology provides a balanced, high-performance solution for high-precision electric-drive applications.
References
(1) J. Miao, X. Li, L. Jing, Y. Gao, "A novel flux-reversal permanent magnet machine with low torque ripple characteristic," Energies, 18, 18, pp. 4834 (2025).
(2) H.-J. Kim, S.-W. Baek, "Multi-objective optimal design of an axial flux permanent magnet motor for in-wheel drive considering torque ripple reduction," Energies, 18, 18, pp. 4936 (2025).
(3) L. Xie, Z. Xu, P. Su, Y. Li, L. Chang, "Harmonic design and optimization of axial-modular flux-reversal permanent-magnet machine," J. Magn., 30, 1, pp. 55–66 (2025).
(4) L. Jia, M. Lin, P. Wang, "Design, analysis and implementation of a low cogging torque axial-flux PM machine with dual rotors and modular stators for electric vehicles," Energy, 338, pp. 138760 (2025).
(5) A. Boulayaoune, A. Oubelaid, A. Chibah, "Comparative study of inner and outer rotor flux reversal permanent magnet machine for direct drive wind turbine," Rev. Roum. Sci. Techn. – Électrotechn. Et Énerg., 69, 2, pp. 123–128 (2024).
(6) Z. Ran, Z.-Q. Zhu, D. Liang, "Comparative study of dual-rotor permanent magnet machines with series and parallel magnetic circuits," World Electr. Veh. J., 16, 1, pp. 12 (2025).
(7) P. Srikhumphun, P. Seangwong, J. Jongudomkarn, A. Siritaratiwat, N. Fernando, S. Somkun, P. Khunkitti, "Design optimization and comparative study of skewed Halbach-array magnets TORUS axial-flux permanent magnet motors for electric vehicles," IEEE Access, 12, pp. 99912–99920 (2024).
(8) L. Xiaolian, J. Libing, "Analysis and optimization of a novel flux reversal PM machine with auxiliary teeth and PM chamfer," J. Electr. Eng. Technol., 20, 4, pp. 2191–2200 (2025).
(9) F. Pranjić, P. Virtič, "Cogging torque reduction techniques in axial flux permanent magnet machines: a review," Energies, 17, 5, pp. 1089 (2024).
(10) M. Bharathi, O. C. Sekhar, S. Lakhimsetty, "Performance evaluation of flux reversal machines with rare-earth and non-rare earth excitations for micro wind energy," Curr. Appl. Phys., 80, pp. 51–63 (2025).
(11) I. Shuaibu, E. H. T. Wei, R. Kannan, Y. A. Samaila, "Advancements in axial flux permanent magnet machines utilizing coreless technology: a systematic review," Ain Shams Eng. J., 15, pp. 103091 (2024).
(12) S. Tang, Y. Xu, C. He, J. Yang, "A high torque density dual-stator flux-reversal machine with multiple poles Halbach excitation on outer stator," Actuators, 13, 8, pp. 275 (2024).
(13) S.-W. Song, W.-H. Kim, "Design and analysis of torque ripple reduction in low-pole axial flux motor," Processes, 13, 9, pp. 2913 (2025).
(14) J. Asama et al., "Torque ripple reduction of an axial-flux permanent magnet motor with distributed winding," Proc. IEEE IEMDC, Miami, FL, USA, pp. 1–6 (2025).
(15) A. Patel, "Cogging torque reduction of axial flux permanent magnet brushless DC motors for electric vehicle applications with magnet segmentation technique," Pamukkale Univ. Muh. Bilim. Derg., 31, 6, pp. 977–983 (2025).
(16) T. I. Ichim, O. V. Craiu, "Comparison of two bi-phase hybrid stepper motors, one with a solid and the other with a laminated stator," Rev. Roum. Sci. Techn. – Électrotechn. Et Énerg., 70, 2, pp. 181–186 (2025).
(17) V. Ballestín-Bernad, G. Sanz-Sánchez, J. S. Artal-Sevil, J. A. Domínguez-Navarro, "Analytical modeling of an ironless axial flux machine for sizing purposes," Electronics, 14, 14, pp. 2901 (2025).
(18) H. Wang, X. Zeng, J. F. Eastham, X. Pei, "Axial flux permanent magnet motor topologies: magnetic performance comparison," Energies, 17, 2, pp. 401 (2024).
(19) A. G. Yetgin, M. M. Tezcan, "Effect of the lambda parameter on three-phase induction motor design by analytical and magnetic methods," Rev. Roum. Sci. Techn. – Électrotechn. Et Énerg., 70, 4, pp. 435–440 (2025).
(20) H. Yousefi Javid, A. Yousefi Javid, "Modelling and simulation of a novel axial flux permanent magnet hysteresis motor comparing different disc structures," IET Electr. Power Appl., 19, 1, pp. e70008 (2025).
(21) T. Tudorache, "Finite element analysis of a flexible dual-speed salient pole synchronous machine," Rev. Roum. Sci. Techn. – Électrotechn. Et Énerg., 70, 1, pp. 21–26 (2025).
(22) S. M. Oh, K. Akatsu, D. W. Lee, H. J. Lee, "On the iron loss reduction design improvement of an axial flux permanent magnet motor," Actuators, 14, 12, pp. 595 (2025).
(23) ***ANSYS Inc., "ANSYS Maxwell – electronics simulation software" (2025).
(24) H. Liu, J. Tian, G. He, X. Li, "A permanent-magnet eddy-current loss analytical model for axial flux permanent-magnet electric machine accounting for stator saturation," Energies, 18, 10, pp. 2462 (2025).
(25) E. MacRae et al., "Genetic algorithm-based approach for torque control and increased efficiency across an optimized speed range in switched reluctance drives," IET Electr. Power Appl., 18, 12, pp. 1818–1832 (2024).
(26) C. Wang et al., "Multi-objective optimization approach for permanent magnet machine via improved soft actor–critic based on deep reinforcement learning," Expert Syst. Appl., 264, pp. 125834 (2025).
(27) J. W. Goh, S. Xie, H. Wang, S. Zhu, K. Yu, C. H. Lee, "Development of a surface-inset permanent magnet motor for enhanced torque density in electric mountain bikes," Energies, 18, 14, pp. 3709 (2025).
(28) T. Zhou, Z. Xiao, Z. Lian, "Research on torque characteristics of dual-rotor permanent magnet motor and its parameter influence law under magnetic-thermal coupling," Therm. Sci. Eng. Prog., 59, pp. 103254 (2025).
(29) D. Yan, Y. Yan, Y. Cheng, L. Guo, T. Shi, "Research on cogging torque reduction method for permanent magnet synchronous motor accounting for the magnetic pole edge effect," IET Electr. Power Appl., 18, 1, pp. 64–75 (2024).
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 REVUE ROUMAINE DES SCIENCES TECHNIQUES — SÉRIE ÉLECTROTECHNIQUE ET ÉNERGÉTIQUE

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.